step one.2 Semantic Affairs

After sensory faculties try recognized (and just in case they can be recognized that have a reasonable standard of confidence), the sort of relationships you to is obtainable between the two needs to be founded. The best category off semantic relationships is provided regarding customs out-of historical semantics, that’s, the brand new language accustomed describe synchronic relations between term definitions was simply the identical to the new code always describe diachronic change out-of definition. On simplest case, in the event that feel an effective was synchronically linked to feel b of the metonymy, next a process off metonymy keeps acted diachronically to extend experience a towards feel b: diachronic systems out-of semasiological transform reappear synchronically because the semantic interactions among keyword definitions.

The fresh new desktop computer as well as the held items, or even the mouse therefore the pointer, https://datingranking.net/pl/date-me-recenzja/ features a relationship out of real-world connectedness that is always caught because of the thought of ‘contiguity

Brand new four basic items was specialty, generalization, metaphor, and you will metonymy (demonstrated right here, out of a good diachronic perspective, as systems as opposed to synchronic relations). Regarding semantic specialty, the newest meaning are a regulation of one’s old definition: the newest definition is a beneficial subcase of old. Ancient samples of expertise are corn (to start with a wages-label for everybody kinds of grain, now formal to help you ‘wheat’ when you look at the The united kingdomt, so you can ‘oats’ in Scotland, and to ‘maize’ in the us), starve (swinging regarding ‘in order to die’ so you’re able to ‘so you’re able to die off hunger’), and you will queen (to begin with ‘girlfriend, lady,’ today limited to ‘king’s spouse, or girls sovereign’). Samples of generalization are moon (mostly new earth’s satellite, however, stretched to virtually any world’s satellite), and French arriver (and this to begin with meant ‘to-arrive the river’s coast, in order to embank,’ however, and that now signifies ‘to reach an excellent destination’ generally). There is a lot regarding terminological version regarding the specialty and you may generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you will ‘narrowing’ of meaning equal ‘specialization,’ when you are ‘extension,’ ‘schematization,’ and you will ‘broadening’ regarding meaning equal ‘generalization.’ Plus, the brand new definitions with it can probably be said to help you captivate interactions regarding taxonomical subordination or superordination: within the an excellent taxonomy (a tree-eg hierarchical category) regarding principles, the latest official meaning are under regarding the initial you to, while the general definition was superordinate with regard to the original.

Instance specialization and you will generalization, it’s smoother and you may customary to introduce metaphor and you can metonymy along with her, whilst the dating is not as intimate just as in the fresh previous couple. (More about metaphor and metonymy uses within the area step one.six, “Abstract Metaphor and Metonymy.”) Metaphor is then allowed to be based on a love out-of resemblance within old plus the this new reading, and you will metonymy into the a relationship out-of contiguity. Current computer words output examples of both sizes. The fresh new desktop of your own screen, such as, isn’t the just like new desktop computer of your own workplace dining table-apart from in both cases, it is the room (an exact place in a single instance, a virtual one out of others) the place you standing a great amount of products which you regularly have fun with or you to urgently need desire. The machine desktop, this basically means, isn’t practically a desktop computer in the brand spanking new feel, however it have a functional similarity towards modern: the computer discovering try a great metaphorical extension of one’s amazing workplace chairs reading. Useful parallels along with underlie metaphorical words like save, clipboard, document, folder, cut, and paste. Mouse, simultaneously, is even metaphorically determined, however, right here, the newest metaphorical similarity relates to figure instead of function. The good news is believe a statement to your effect that pc could keep you active for the next two weeks, or you query aloud where the mouse went whenever you’re trying to discover new tip to the display screen. In such instances, desktop and you may mouse are utilized metonymically. Regarding previous situation, it is not the fresh new virtual room therefore that is relevant, nevertheless products which try kept indeed there. From the second circumstances, it isn’t this new mouse as such (the matter that you own on the give) which you reference, nevertheless the pointer towards display screen that’s work because of the mouse. ‘ When, for example, one to beverages an entire bottles, it is not new bottle but merely the contents that will be consumed: package are often used to consider a specific types of container, in addition to (spatially contiguous) contents of one container. Whenever lexical semanticians believe that metonymical transform depend on contiguity, contiguity really should not be realized in the a thin experience since the it comes so you’re able to spatial proximity only, however, a great deal more broadly given that a general identity for different relationships in the the new spatial, temporary, otherwise causal domain.