Short Version RS-fourteen

While looking for a useful and you can valid software, besides required for other populations and also in which the recommended foundation construction shall be confirmed, a couple of major desires had been into the interest. “The new RS-14 demonstrates the brand new brevity, readability, and easier rating which were defined as crucial attributes when selecting tools for use with kids” (Pritzker and you can Minter, 2014, p. 332). This new RS-14 “also offer information on new trend and character of strength using a widely available way of measuring resilience which often have a tendency to permit comparisons with past and future search,” and therefore “can give help research that it is good psychometrically voice level to evaluate personal strength into the age range off teenagers and you will young people” (Wagnild, 2009a; Pritzker and you can Minter, 2014).

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Finding more monetary variation of the Resilience Scale, coming down conclusion go out, and you may developing significantly more particularly for fool around with which have teenagers, Wagnild (2009a) changed this new RS-twenty-five to14 points. The brand new short term “RS-fourteen level contains fourteen worry about-report circumstances measured collectively a seven-section rating measure anywhere between ‘1-strongly disagree’ so you’re able to ‘7-firmly agree.’ Higher score try a sign regarding resilience height. Depending on the people, ratings try determined by the a realization of impulse viewpoints for each goods, hence permitting ratings so you can cover anything from 14 so you’re able to 98.” Ratings lower than 65 mean lowest resilience; ranging from 65 and you will 81 let you know modest resilience; over 81 might be translated since highest degrees of resilience (Wagnild and you may More youthful, 1993; Wagnild, 2009b, 2014).

Using principal components analyses supported a single-factor solution; remaining in the RS-14 scale were those items with all item factor loadings >0.40. Reported psychometric properties of the RS-14 have demonstrated sound psychometric properties comparable to those of the RS-25: evidence of a one-factor structure was found and high reliability (coefficient Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90 and greater 0.96) and a strong correlation with the full version (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) were obtained (Wagnild, 2014). The overall factorability of the RS-14 demonstrated a robust one-factor measure of resilience, which has been replicated and has been confirmed in different studies and in the adaptations of this version for different countries (Wagnild, 2014). For instance: German ? = 0.91 (Schumacher et al., 2005); Portugal ? = 0.82 (Oliveira et al., 2015); Finland ? = 0.87 (Losoi et al., 2013); Japan ? = 0.88 (Nishi et al., 2010); China ? = 0.92 (Tian and Hong, 2013); Korean ? = 0.90 (Kwon and Kwon, 2014); Spain ? = 0.79 (Heilemann et al., 2003); Italian ? = 0.88 (Callegari et al., 2016); and Greek ? = 0.89 (Ntountoulaki et al., 2017). (2012) “examined the measurement invariance of the RS?14 in samples of U.S., Chinese, and Taiwanese college students and supported a one-factor model that demonstrated scalar invariance across cultures” (Yang et al., 2012). The short version RS-14 has been tested regarding its structure and it was found that results are not always totally consistent. Some discrepancies exist between findings of different studies; for instance the Brazilian version with 13 items (Damasio et al., 2011) or 12 items in the Portuguese adaptation for adolescents (Oliveira et al., 2015), and in the German Version 11 items (Schumacher et al., 2005). These discrepancies can eventually result from sampling issues: some studies used participants from very different developmental phases (Damasio et al., 2011), and others used participants <13 years old, an option that is not appropriate given that the authors of the RS advise against the use of the scale with participants from earlier ages (Wagnild, 2009b; Pritzker and Minter, 2014).